Category: 19th Century

Margaret E. Knight (1838 – 1914), a nineteenth century inventor, was born on February 14, 1838 in York, Maine to James and Hannah (Teal) Knight.  She had two older brothers, Charlie and Jim.  Mattie (as she liked to be called) was young when her father died.  In order to support the family after her husband’s death, Hannah Knight moved her family to Manchester, New Hampshire where she and her sons found work in the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company (textile mills).

Inventing had always been a part of Mattie’s life.  As a young girl, she was interested in machines and how they worked.  Her favorite “toys” were her woodworking tools, which she used to make and improve toys for her brothers and their friends.  One day when twelve-year-old Mattie was delivering lunch to her brother at the mill, she witnessed a worker get injured when a metal tipped shuttle flew off one of the looms (weaving machines).  Mattie knew that there had to be a way to improve this machine and  make it safer.  After much thought and sketching, she devised a metal guard that would stop a shuttle from flying off the loom when the thread broke.  The mill owner installed her guards on all of his looms.

After completing elementary school in Manchester, Mattie went to work to help support the family.  She worked in the textile mills, in engraving studios, and she even worked repairing houses.  She loved learning how to use new and different tools.

In 1867 at the age of eighteen, Mattie moved to Springfield, Massachusetts to work at the Columbia Paper Bag Company as a bag bundler. The bundler prepared the completed paper bags for shipment by collecting, stacking, and bundling them.  These bags were flat envelope style bags and were not good for carrying bulky items such as groceries.  Square bottom bags, good for larger items, had to be made by hand and were much more expensive.  Mattie spent two years designing a machine to make square bottom bags.  When her machine design was complete, she hired a machinist to make her machine out of iron and then another machinist to make improvements to it.

In February 1870, when she applied to the United States government for a patent on her machine, she discovered that someone else had already submitted her plans and had received the patent.  Charles Annan, a businessman who had visited the machine shop several times and learned all about her machine, built his own and got the patent.  Mattie hired a lawyer, gathered her diary, patterns, sketches, records, and witnesses and went to Washington, D.C. to prove that it was her invention and not Annan’s.  She won her court case and was given her patent on July 11, 1871 – Patent number 116,842.

With patent in hand, Mattie moved to Hartford, Connecticut and started the Eastern Paper Bag Company.  These machine-made square bottom paper bags became the most popular way to bundle and carry goods, and were used by large and famous department stores such as Macy’s and Lord and Taylor’s in New York City. 

In the 1880s, Margaret Knight moved again, this time to Ashland and then South Framingham, Massachusetts.  She set up a laboratory in Boston where she continued to invent.  During the 1880s and 1890s, she focused her inventing on household items, such as a dress and skirt shield (1883), a clasp for robes (1884), a barbecue spit for cooking meat (1885), machines used in shoemaking (1885), a sewing machine reel (1894), and a window frame and sash (1894).  In the last decade of her life, she became very interested in automobiles and worked on making devices for their rotary engines.

Mattie lived the last twenty-five years of her life in a house, called Curry Cottage, in South Framingham.  This house still stands at 287 Hollis Street.  She died at the Framingham Hospital of pneumonia and gallstones on October 12, 1914 at the age of seventy-six.  She is buried in Newton, Massachusetts.

Further Reading

 “American Artifacts preview: 19th Century Inventor Margaret Knight.”  American HistoryTV, C-Span3.  YouTube.  posted Sept. 12, 2011,    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM0ewutCMQ Accessed 27 Apr. 2017.

Michelle.  “Learning from InvENtors: Margaret Knight.”  Edison Nation blog,   posted Jan. 5, 2017, http://blog.edisonnation.com/2017/01/learning-from-inventors-margaret-knight/  Accessed 30 Apr. 2017

Petroski, Henry.  “The Evolution of the Grocery Bag.” American Scholar, vol. 72, no.4, Autumn 2003, p. 99+  www.teacherpage.com/cubslibrary/docs.evolution_of_the_grocery_bag.doc  Accessed 30 Apr. 2017.

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Bibliography

Blashfield, Jean F.  Women Inventors 1. Capstone Press, 1996.

Brill, Marlene Brill.  Margaret Knight, Girl Inventor.  Millbrook Press, 2001.

“Margaret E. Knight.” Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Feb. 2017. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Margaret-E-Knight/125831   Accessed 26 Apr. 2017.

“Margaret E. Knight.” Encyclopedia of World Biography, vol. 35, Gale, 2015. Biography in Context, libraries.state.ma.us/logingwurl=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1631010308/BIC1?u=fp l&xid=7db94b2a  Accessed 20 Apr. 2017.

“Margaret Knight.” Notable Women Scientists, Gale, 2000. Biography in Context, libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1668000218/BIC1?u=fpl&xid=dc7bc13a Accessed 20 Apr. 2017.

“Margaret E. Knight.” Paper Industry International Hall of Fame, Inc., 2008. http://www.women-inventors.com/Margaret-Knight.asp   Accessed 27 Apr. 2017.

“Margaret E. Knight.” World of Invention, Gale, 2006. Biography in Context, libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1647000207/BIC1?u=fpl&xid=053b5050 Accessed 20 Apr. 2017.

McCully, Emily Arnold.  Marvelous Mattie: How Margaret E. Knight became an Inventor.  Farrar Straus Giroux, 2006.

Thimmesh, Catherine.  Girls Think of Everything: Stories of Ingenious Inventions by Women.  Houghton Mifflin Co., 2000.

The Hastings School is on the corner of Beacon Street and Cochituate Road just south of the intersection of Beacon and Hastings Streets in the section of town once known as Hastingsville.  Who were the Hastings, and why is a school, a street, and a section of the city named for them?

Thomas Hastings (1780-1864) who was born in Waltham, Massachusetts, moved to Framingham as a young man and settled on the west part of John Pratt’s land. He set up a wheelwright shop, which he operated for the next fifty years.  

At the age of twenty-three, Thomas married Nabby Abbott of Framingham.  They had nine sons, six of whom settled in Framingham. Hollis, Eliphalet, and Otis Fiske, established businesses near their father’s at 1 Old Connecticut Path.  Business boomed! This corner, with the Hastings’ wheelwright, blacksmith, and carriage shops, a busy center of commerce frequented by local farmers, became known as Hastingsville. 

Hollis Hastings (1807-1892), the third son, was a carriage dealer and manufacturer as well as a harness maker.   Upon the completion of Framingham’s new (i.e. third) Town Hall in Framingham Centre in 1834, Hollis purchased the second Town Hall and had it moved to Hastings Corner. For the next thirty-five years, he operated a very successful business at this location.  Hollis married Abigail W. Norton and together they had nine children. Sadly, only four of them lived to adulthood.  In retirement, Hollis traveled extensively and lived the life of a gentleman.  He was instrumental in the founding of the Home for Aged Men and Women in Framingham Centre, just east of the Baptist Church.  The home was chartered in 1886.  In his will, Hollis left an endowment of $10,000 to ensure its viability.  This institution, now called Vernon House, is located on Vernon Street.  On February 13, 1892, Hollis died at his home in Hastingsville, and was buried in Edgell Grove Cemetery.

Eliphalet Hastings (1811-1878) established a blacksmith shop in Hastingsville.  On April 2, 1835, he married Mehitable Clayes of Framingham.   A year after Mehitable’s death in 1841, he married her younger sister, Eveline.  Eliphalet had eight children, only four of them survived to adulthood. Eliphalet is buried in Old Burying Ground Cemetery.  Albert Redell Hastings (1854-1923), his sixth child, followed in his footsteps, and became a blacksmith.  He set up his shop at the site of his father’s in Hastingsville on present day Cochituate Road (Route 30).

Otis Fiske Hastings (1818-1884) stayed in Hastingsville and worked in his father’s shop as a wheelwright.  Otis Fiske married Susan Briggs Brewer of Framingham and they had six children.  Of the six children, only three lived to adulthood, Thomas Fiske, Josiah and Alice.  The Hastings School (now senior housing) was built on land purchased from Thomas Fiske Hastings (1852-1933) and his wife Ella.  The school is named for Otis Fiske’s daughter-in-law, Ella Wing Hastings, who taught public school in Framingham for fifty years.  In June 1931, a plaque was erected at this new school in her honor.  Thomas Fiske Hastings was known as the mayor of Hastingsville.  He ran the general store established by Willard Howe.  This store housed the local post office, so Thomas Fiske’s duties also included serving as the assistant postmaster.

Colonel William Hastings (1805-1871) was Thomas and Nabby’s second son. He married Hannah Buckminister of Framingham on September 27, 1827. The newlyweds settled on land owned by Hannah’s father, Joseph Buckminster which was located at the corner of present day Union and Main Street (now Buckminster Square).  They had one son, William H.   A year after Hannah’s death in 1846, William married Anne E. Phipps, also of Framingham.  This marriage produced three children;  two daughters, Anna L. and Elizabeth B., and a son, Gardner Phipps.  The Colonel was a farmer, and also operated a lumber business. He was very active in town affairs serving as chairman of the Board of Assessors, overseer of the poor, and  collector of taxes.  He was a Colonel in the Massachusetts Militia. Following in his father’s footsteps, William Harrison Hastings (1840-1910) was also active in town and state affairs.  William Harrison served on the town’s Board of Selectmen for four years, 1883-1886,  was the Road Commissioner for the years 1884-1886, was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1887-1888, and served as the overseer of the poor, 1895-1897. 

Thomas Hastings, Jr. (1809-1886) lived on a small farm on what is present day Route 9. In addition to farming, he worked as a carpenter.  He married Eliza Ann Parker of Framingham and they had three children, two sons and a daughter.  The family worshiped at the Hollis Evangelical Church (Plymouth Church) where Thomas’ deep bass voice was a memorable addition to the choir.  Thomas is buried in the Edgell Grove Cemetery.

John Kittredge Hastings (1816-1857) was Thomas and Nabby’s seventh son.  He bought property on Pratt’s Plain (opposite the Musterfields) where he established a shoe making business. On October 11, 1838 at the age of twenty-two, he married Mary Coolidge of Framingham.  They had two children, a daughter, Susan Munroe Hastings, and a son Frank Coolidge Hastings (1846-1894).  Frank C. chose retail for his career.  He started a clothing store called Hastings One Price Clothing House on Concord St. in South Framingham.  Frank’s son Harry Payson Hastings (1871-) joined him in the operation of the business, and ran it until 1950. Grandson Julian P. Hastings (1906-1987) took over the store from his father, and managed it until it’s closing in 1965.  Julian then went on to work as town assessor. For almost twenty years, he was assistant clerk to the Framingham Court, retiring in 1977.  Julian answered the call to duty and served in the Army in Europe during World War II. He was awarded the Purple Heart.

Of the remaining three sons, two married and moved to other towns.  The youngest, Dexter (1822-1834), died at the age of eleven.  Josiah Hastings (1813-1876), the sixth son, married Sarah Ann Jones of Weston on April 23, 1835.  The newly weds settled in Waltham where Josiah made his living as a printer.  He was the owner and publisher of the Waltham Sentinel, a weekly newspaper delivering news on agriculture, manufacturing, literature and local people and events. Josiah and Sarah Ann had two daughters, Amanda died before age six, and Elizabeth married Theodore F. Jackson.  Samuel A. (1803-1881) , the oldest son, married Olive Nourse from Leominister and settled in Lancaster where he worked as a housewright (carpenter).  

The area where so many members of the Hastings family put down roots was aptly called Hastingsville.  At the turn of the twentieth century, when the Boston and Worcester Street Railway Company established it headquarters in Hastingsville, the area was renamed Framingham Junction, a nod to the area’s new identity as a transportation hub.

Facts

Hastings Corner or Hastingsville was the area east of Framingham Centre where the road to Saxonville (Concord Street) meets Eastern Avenue (present day Rte. 9).

Thomas Hastings’ house is still standing today at 1 Old Connecticut Path.

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Bibliography

Abbott, Lemuel Abijah. Descendants of George Abbott, of Rowley, Mass., of his joint descendants with George Abbott, sr., of Andoer, Mass.; of the descendants of Daniel Abbott, of Providence, R. I.; of some of the descendants of Capt. Thomas Abbott, of Andover, Mass.; of George Abbott, of Norwalk Ct.; of Robert Abbott, of online. (page 43 of 67) http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/lemuel-abijah-abbott/descendants-of-george-abbott-of-rowley-mass-of-his-joint-descendants-with-ge-obb

Buckminister, Lydia Nelson Hastings. The Hastings Memorial: a genealogical account of the descendants of Thomas Hastings of Watertown, Mass. from 1634-1864. Boston : Samuel G. Drake Publisher, 1866. Googlebooks.com pp. 77-79. https://books.google.com/books?id=RFdKAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Accessed 23 May 2019.

City of Framingham. “Town of Framingham Selectmen (1700-2017) City of Framingham Mayors (2018-present).” Welcome to Framingham, Departments, City Clerk, Historical Records. https://www.framinghamma.gov/2418/Historical-Records Accessed 21 June 2019.

“Death Comes to T. F. Hastings in 81st Year.” Framingham News 30 Jan. 1933. Find a Grave website. Search for surname Hastings, location Framingham. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/search?firstname=&middlename=&lastname=hastings&birthyear=&birthyearfilter=&deathyear=&deathyearfilter=&location=Framingham+Middlesex+County+Massachusetts+United+States+of+America&locationId=city_58586&memorialid=&datefilter=&orderby=Accessed 19 June 2019.

“Framingham loses Three Prominent Citizens.” Concord Enterprise 19 Feb. 1892. https://accessnewspaperarchivecom.ezproxy.bpl.org/us/massachusetts/concord/concord-enterprise/1892/02-19/page-3/hollis-hastings?psb=relevance Accessed 23 May 2019.

Herring, Stephen W. Framingham, An American Town. The Framingham Historical Society, The Framingham Tercentennial Commission, 2000.

“Journeyed to Hastingsville.” Framingham Evening News 26 Sept. 1916. pp. 1+

“Julian P. Hastings, 80, lifelong Framingham resident.” Middlesex News 30 Sept. 1987.

Temple, Josiah H. History of Framingham, Massachusetts, 1640-1885. New England History Press, 1988.

Some people thought of Framingham as “Tag Town” because of the Dennison Manufacturing Company, but others knew it as the home of the beautiful orchids in Butterworth’s greenhouses.

John T. Butterworth (1856 – 1927) was born in Middleton, Lancashire England and at the age of eight and a half was bound to a five year apprenticeship earning four shillings a week. He walked three miles to his job every day and worked from dawn to dusk. Completing his apprenticeship he worked many places in England but wished to be “on his own.” He came to America where he took over a greenhouse on concord Street and built it into one of the largest and best known nurseries for rare and exotic plants. He raised carnations, orchids, calla lilies, roses and hyacinths in twelve greenhouses where St. Stephens now stands. In 1908 the Town tapped Butterworth’s horticultural talent when the Park Commission was established. He served on the Commission with Nathaniel Bowditch and Harry Winch. The three largest of these Framingham parks are named Butterworth, Bowditch and Winch for these commissioners.

 George W. Butterworth, John’s son, suggested that they specialize in orchids. John at first was reluctant, he didn’t want to put all his eggs in one basket, but he went along with the idea. The orchid business was hugely successful.

In June of 1924, John Butterworth was honored by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society with a first class Certificate of Merit and the Society’s Gold Medal for his Catleya mossiae var.  Mrs. J. T. Butterworth. This white orchid plant later sold for $10,000.

The Butterworths obtained bulbs from South America, and the Orient as well as other parts of the world. Their rare plants had value into the thousands.

They grew orchid plants from seed and were recognized as leading authorities. From the Framingham greenhouses orchids were shipped all over the United States.

The Butterworth greenhouses were razed in the early 1960s (several years before 1964) by George W. Butterworth to clear the 2 acre site. 

On April 2, 1964, Pastor Brown of St. Stephen’s Church purchased the approximately two acres of land from Rachael Butterworth Dietz, John’s daughter. The Butterworth house was razed in June 1964 and, subsequently, on October 21, 1964 ground was broken for the modern building to replace the old church built in 1883 at the site on Concord Street.

John T. Butterworth’s philosophy celebrated the blessing of a tired body, the blessing of having a share on the creation of beauty, the blessing of continual adventuring, and the blessing of tranquility.

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Bibliography

“Acquire Site for Church.” Framingham (Mass.) News, April 6, 1964.

Head, Buckley. “Framingham Greenhouse Dates Back to Year 1848.” Framingham News, July 16, 1951.

Herring, Stephen, Framingham An American Town, The Framingham Historical Society, The Framingham Tercentennial Commission, 2000.

Lucier, Virginia. “Butterworth’s grew famous orchids here.” The South Middlesex News, June 10, 1975.

Temple, J. H., The History of Framingham 1640-1880, The Town of Framingham, 1887.

White, Prof. F. A. American Orchid Culture, DeLaMare Garden Books, New York, 1927.

Framingham News, April 6, 1964 Framingham News, June 13, 1964.

Did this ever happen to you?  You spy something really special in a store’s window, but it is too expensive.  What to do?  Well, this is exactly the dilemma that Betsey Metcalfe of Providence, Rhode Island found herself in.   Betsey saw a Dunstable Bonnet, the latest fashion in bonnets imported from England, in a Providence shop window.  However, the bonnet was too expensive, so Betsey figured out how to make the straw braid, and then fashioned her own bonnet at home.  This was the beginning of a boom in the braided straw bonnet industry in New England.

Straw plaiting, or braiding, spread to the towns of Franklin and Wrentham in Southeastern Massachusetts and eventually to Framingham.  In 1799 or 1800, Betsey Bennett (1782-1849), a Framingham teenager, and her mother began braiding grass and rye straw which they then made into bonnets and hats at home.  Soon other women and girls joined in and a new “cottage” industry was born in Framingham.

The 19^th century straw braid and bonnet industry quickly became very profitable.  Boys and girls braided at home, sometimes they even took the straw to school to work on.  Women carried bundles of it to braid when they travelled or visited friends.  A skilled girl could braid between 10 – 12 yards of the fine “Dunstable” braid or 18 – 24 yards of the coarse a day.  The fine braid sold for 3 to 3 ½ cents a yard.  Shopkeepers even accepted the braided straw as payment for goods purchased.

In 1807, Major Benjamin Wheeler was one of the first men to open his own straw braiding business.  By the 1830s, most of the straw bonnet production in Framingham had moved out of the homes and into factories which were built in the area around the railroad station in South Framingham.  Between the years 1830 to 1860, straw braid and bonnet manufacturing was the largest industry in Framingham.  By 1865, 50 men and 800 women made their living braiding straw and making bonnets and hats in Framingham.  That year, 107,000 bonnets and 60,000 hats were produced and shipped all over the United States.

By the 1890s, fashion changed, demand for these types of hats and bonnets declined, and eventually all the factories closed.

Now back to Betsey Bennett.  Little information has been recorded about the life of this young girl who changed the economic climate of her hometown in the early 19^th century.   But we do know that Betsey must have been a skilled straw braider and bonnet maker because she was awarded a $5.00 prize for her entry of an imitation leghorn straw bonnet in the 1822 Cattle Show at Brighton (a country fair).  Betsey never married and died of consumption on February 5, 1849 at the age of sixty-seven years.  She is buried in the Church Hill Cemetery.

Facts

Born: January 26, 1782

Died: February 5, 1849

Parents: Joseph & Mary (Swift) Bennett

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Bibliography

Baldwin, Thomas W., comp. Vital Records of Framingham Massachusetts to the year 1850. Wright & Potter Printing Co., 1911. Archive.org https://archive.org/details/vitalrecordsoffr00fram Accessed 31 Mar. 2017.

“Family Tree: The Carr-Bennett Heritage: Surename: Bennett. Tribalpages. http://www.tribalpages.com/family-tree/leebennett39 Accessed 31 Mar. 2017.

Fessenden, Thomas. The New England Farmer. 26 Oct. 1822. Vol. 1, no. 13 p. 99 Thomas W. Shepard, 1823. Books.google.com https://books.google.com/books?id=VTTOAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA227&lpg=RA1- PA227&dq=betsey+bennett+framingham+mass&source=bl&ots=AyCtoB5wfr&sig=aZt CIexw-VvwQ4S9YGkacmX66wY&hl=en&sa=X&ved= 0ahUKEwi6voTuxYHTAhVkwYMKHbwyBCwQ6AEITDAJ#v=onepage&q= betseybennettframinghammass&f=false Accessed 31 Mar. 2017.

Herring, Stephen. Framingham: An American Town. Framingham Historical Society, The Framingham Tercentennial Commission, 2000.

Stanley, Autumn. Mothers and Daughters of Invention. Scarecrow Press, 1993.

Temple, Josiah H. History of Framingham, Massachusetts, 1640-1885. A special Centennial year reprinting of the 1887 edition. New England History Press, 1988.

Upon returning to the Boston area, he was appointed resident physician to the Insane Hospital in Taunton, Massachusetts.  After his father’s death in 1855, he left the Insane Hospital to practice medicine in Boston.  Between 1855 and 1860, he was active in the formation of the Boston Society of Medical Improvement and the Boston Society for Medical Observation.

It was during the Battle of the Wilderness that he was wounded and captured by the Confederates.  In the Confederate camp, he received no medical care for his leg wound.  When gangrene set in, amputation was recommended by Army surgeons.  Zab refused and treated the wound himself by pouring nitric acid into it.  In December 1864, he was discharged from the service due to this leg injury.  Not one to sit idly by, he rejoined his regiment in February 1865, and took part in the Siege of Petersburg which led to the end of the Civil War.  Upon his final discharge from service in July of 1865 he returned to Roxbury, Massachusetts to resume his medical practice.

While in Roxbury, he was a founding member of the Roxbury Society for Medical Improvement, a group for local doctors to share medical ideas and experiences, and journal articles.  In July 1867, he resigned his membership in this Society and moved to Framingham. It is not clear why he chose to leave Roxbury, but perhaps the stress of work and city life became too much. 

Zab replaced the recently deceased Dr. John W. Osgood who had a large medical practice in Framingham.  Much to his chagrin, Zab could not interest the other doctors in the area to form a medical society similar to the one in Roxbury. 

The 1870s were a time of great change for Zab as he settled into the life of a country doctor.  He married Frances Ann Kidder of Sudbury on December 8, 1870.  They bought the Weaver Estate on High Street in Framingham Centre in 1872.  He was one of the first homeowners to install a furnace to heat the house and to use “town water” when he modernized the plumbing.  The Adams’ had two children: a daughter Frances Boylston born in 1872 and a son Zabdiel Boylston born in 1875. 

The civically minded Zab was instrumental in founding the Nobscot Fishing Club on Waushakum Pond, and in bringing a lecture series to Framingham called the Framingham Course.  He also served as an elected member of the board of trustees of the Framingham Public Library. 

Zab continued his civic activities into the 1880s.  He served on the local Board of Health (1884-1890).  While on this board, he promoted physical education in the schools. In an effort to prevent the spread of disease, he fought for the draining of one thousand acres of swampy land in South Framingham and the creation of sewerage filtration fields in the area of modern day Route 9.  He was appointed as Medical Legal Examiner for the Eighth District in 1885, and was a councilor to the Massachusetts Medical Society.  With the increase in population and industries such as Dennison Manufacturing Company and the Railroad, Zab saw the need for more local medical services. He was actively involved in the founding of the Framingham Hospital.  He served on the hospital’s board of physicians from 1893-1895.  In 1896, the hospital bought the Moses Little Estate on Evergreen Street to build a new building. Zab was instrumental in Framingham Hospital acquiring its first X-ray machine.  It is said that Zab even x-rayed his own left leg in search of a Civil War bullet he believed to be still lodged there – no bullet was found.  And finally his dream of a Framingham Medical Society came true with its founding in 1888.

Zabdiel Boylston Adams died at home on May 2, 1902 due to injuries he received from a fall from the Metropolitan Water Works Dam in Southborough.  Zab was buried with full military honors in the Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Facts

Five men in the family bore the name Zabdiel Boylston Adams – three were doctors.

His mother was a cousin of Louisa May Alcott’s mother.

His sister Annie’s portrait was painted by John Singer Sargent and hangs in the Boston Athenaeum.

He wrote 123 letters to his family from the Civil War battlefields

The only plaque at Gettysburg that honors the actions of a single surgeon celebrates Zab. This plaque can be found on the Wheatfield loop road, across from the Irish Brigade monument, and behind the 5^th Michigan Infantry monument.

He served in the following Civil War battles: Yorktown, Williamsburg, Fair Oakes, Harrison’s Landing, Rappahannock, Antietam, Fredericksburg, 2^nd Bull Run, Chancellorsville, Brandy Station, Gettysburg, Battle of the Wilderness and Siege of Petersburg.

“Rusticate” means to go to the country; to suspend a student from a university or college for specified time as punishment (Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language).

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Bibliography

Ireland, Corydon. “Saga of a Civil War Surgeon.” Harvard Gazette 13 Feb. 2013. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/02/saga-of-a-civil-war-surgeon/. Accessed 28 July 2017.

Kelly, Howard A. and Walter Burrage, Walter L. American Medical Biographies. Norman Remington Co., 1920. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/American_Medical_Biographies/Adams,_Zabdiel_Boylston . Accessed 28 July 2017.

Mitchell Adams “Dr. Zabdiel Boylston Adams: Surgeon and Soldier for the Union.” [Lecture series]. Boston Athenaeum, 3 Dec. 2013. https://vimeo.com/album/2279318/video/91438409. Accessed 28 July 2017.

Novotny, Deb. “A Boulder, a Plaque, and a Doctor.” Battlefield Dispatch, vol. 32, no. 1, Mar. 2014, p. 6+ http://www.gettysburgtourguides.org/members/newsletter/201403BD.pdf Accessed 5 Oct. 2017.

Peabody, Charles Newton. ZAB: Brevet Major Zabdiel Boylston Adams 1829-1902 Physician of Boston and Framingham. Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, 1984.

“Rusticate.” Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language. World Publishing Co., 1962.

“Zabdiel Boylston Adams.” Ancestry.com https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/zabdiel- boylston-adams 35405643 Accessed 28 July 2017.